Juan Vegue Martín (1884-ca. 1949). Del Guijuelo salmantino a la Guinea española / Juan Vegue Martín (1884-ca. 1949). From the Guijuelo’s region to Spanish Guinea

Utilizando como fuente principal la documentación conservada en los Colegios Oficiales de Farmacéuticos de Madrid y Toledo, la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, la sección de África en el Archivo General de la Administración y la prensa períodica local, en particular la impresa en Salamanca y Santa Isabel (Guinea), reconstruimos la biografía del farmacéutico Juan Vegue Martín, desde su tierra natal en la comarca salmantina de Guijuelo hasta los últimos datos conocidos, en los territorios coloniales de la Guinea Española. Una biografía que puede servir como estudio de caso para otros farmacéuticos rurales, de vida nómada, que vivieron -y sufrieron- los años de la Guerra Civil española.(AU)

Using as main source the documentation kept in the Official Colleges of Pharmacists of Madrid and Toledo, the University of Santiago de Compostela, the section of Africa in the General Archive of the Administration and the local periodical press, particularly the one printed in Salamanca and Santa Isabel (Guinea), we reconstruct the biography of the pharmacist Juan Vegue Martín, from his homeland in the Guijuelo region of Salamanca to the latest known data, in the colonial territories of Spanish Guinea. A biography that can serve as a case study for other rural pharmacists, with a nomadic life, who lived through -and suffered- the years of the Spanish Civil War.(AU)

XIII Lección Jesús Culebras. Los farmacéuticos de hospital y el soporte nutricional. De los inicios hasta nuestros días (1976-2018). / XIII Lesson Jesús Culebras. Hospital pharmacists and nutritional support. From the beginning to the present day (1976-2018)

Los farmacéuticos de hospitales fueron, desde los inicios en el decenio de los setenta del siglo pasado, miembros activos en las comisiones de soporte nutricional [nutrición parenteral (NP) y nutrición enteral (NE)] en nuestros hospitales, en el contexto principalmente de la preparación estéril de los componentes de NP. Esta presentación intenta explicar su papel en este recorrido de 42 años. Sin duda, un salto de calidad farmacéutica en la NP fue el paso de la preparación en frascos individuales al “todo en uno”, ya que con ello se disminuían las infecciones por catéter a causa de la menor manipulación. Esto llevó a realizar estudios físico-químicos de la estabilidad de la emulsión lipídica, ya que las partículas ≥ 5 micras producían obstrucción y acumulación lipídica en las arteriolas pulmonares. Esta emulsión del “todo en uno” estudiamos que enmascaraba una posible precipitación de los fosfatos inorgánicos con las sales de calcio, que podía causar unaembolia pulmonar microvascular. Finalmente, investigamos realizar un control microbiológico de nuestras preparaciones diarias. A mediados de los ochenta del siglo pasado se manifestó un incremento de las peticiones de NP. Para disminuir el trabajo del número de preparaciones, algunos hospitales alquilaron servicios de catering externos y otros racionalizaron las indicaciones, apoyándose con el “boom” de la nutrición enteral, con lo que algunas indicaciones de NP pasaron a ser de NE. Ocurren 3 acontecimientos en la década de los noventa del siglo pasado: el primero es que, frente al alud de preparaciones de NP, la industria farmacéutica irrumpe con una preparación de bolsas tricamerales. El segundo son los inicios de estudios de la desnutrición hospitalaria después de comprobar que la malnutrición incrementaba las complicaciones quirúrgicas y médicas. Por último, se publica la Orden de 2 de junio de 1987 para regular la nutrición enteral domiciliaria (NED). (AU)

Hospital pharmacists have been, since the 1970s, active members in nutritional support commissions [parenteral nutrition (PN) and enteral nutrition (EN)] in our hospitals, mainly in the context of sterile preparation of PN components. This presentation is an attempt to explain their role in this 42-year journey. Without any doubt, a quality leap in pharmaceutical quality regarding PN was the step from preparation in individual vials to “all-in-one” admixtures, thereby reducing catheter infections as a result of less handling. This entailed physical-chemical studies of stability of lipid emulsions since particles ≥ 5 microns produce obstruction and lipid accumulation in pulmonary arterioles. We studied the “all-in-one” emulsions that masked a possible precipitation of inorganic phosphates with calcium-phosphate salts, which could cause microvascular pulmonary embolism. Finally, we investigated how to carry out a microbiological control of our daily preparations. In the 1980s there was an increase in PN requests. In order to reduce preparation workload some hospitals rented external catering services whereas others rationalized the indications, supported by the enteral nutrition boom where some indications for PN changed to EN.Three events occurred in the 1990s. First, due to an increase in PN preparations, the pharmaceutical industry designed three-chamber bags. Second, studies on hospital malnutrition were launched after verifying that malnutrition increased surgical and medical complications. Finally, the Order of June 2, 1987 regulated home enteral nutrition (HEN). (AU)

[The professions of colonial pharmacist in French West Africa]. / Les métiers de pharmacien colonial en Afrique occidentale française.

During the twentieth century, French colonial rule in West Africa was marked by the establishment of a homogeneous health organization in the colonies. It was based on the health service of the colonial troops, the hospital service under the general service and other services such as health police, epidemics and hygiene. This health system made it possible to protect the colonizers and indigenous populations from the major endemics of the time, to conduct research on new diseases hitherto unrecognized and to bring "civilization" to the overseas territories. The pharmacist's missions in the colonial health system were manifold. Our study aims to shed light on the profession of colonial pharmacist in the health history of French West Africa. To do this, it concerned the period between the creation of the Federation of French West Africa (1895) and the end of colonization (1960). Drawing on the available documentation, including archival material and bibliographic sources, this article shows that the colonial pharmacist was already exercising a multidisciplinary profession. He was in fact hospital manager, wholesaler-distributor, pharmacy, biologist, chemist, botanist, teacher, central actor in public health.

Reglamento Municipal de Beneficencia y Sanidad, Elche 1928 / Regulamento Municipal de Caridade e Saúde, Elche 1928 / Municipal Regulation of Charity and Health, Elche 1928

The health policy of Primo de Rivera elaborated a regulatory legal body to protect the needyclasses that attended to their needs; the increase in health activity led to the creation of a large number ofcare institutions as well as professional health professionals involved in its development. Objectives: theresearch aims to analyze the practical application of the municipal Health and Welfare Regulations of thecity of 1928 and, on the other hand, its impact on the social life of the underprivileged class. Method: ahistorical research based on the literature review was carried out. Documentary sources: documentarycatalogs of libraries and documentary archives, electronic databases, catalogs of magazines specializingin history and other online sources. Descriptors used: midwife, practitioner, doctor, pharmacist, census ofthe poor. Results: documents from studies based on primary sources were included in the analysis and theresults are presented in 4 sections: The Municipal Regulation of 1928, Pharmacists and medicines forpoor patients, Doctors and practitioners and Midwives, midwives and childbirth teachers. Conclusion: theRegulation is applied long before its publication and health care is constantly exercised by all theprofessionals that comprise it; the number of practitioners is equal to that of doctors in this period; theCity Council is responsible for paying pharmaceuticals for poor patients to pharmacists and is distributedby quarters; With regard to doctors, and since 1924, sufficient places have been created for the demand ofthe poor, which will increase, as well as possible substitutes; the creation of the dental clinic for the poorin the Santo Hospital in 1930 is included; in 1928 and 1929 there are 4 matrons for the four districts ofthe city, following the legislation; In 1930 the municipal midwives received an annual salary increasefrom 720 to 900 pesetas from the town council. (AU)

La política sanitaria de Primo de Rivera elaboró un cuerpo legal reglamentario para proteger a lasclases menesterosas que atendía sus necesidades; el aumento de la actividad sanitaria supuso la creaciónde un gran número de instituciones asistenciales así como de sanitarios profesionales implicados en sudesarrollo. Objetivos: la investigación tiene por objetivos analizar la aplicación práctica del Reglamentomunicipal de Sanidad y Beneficencia de la ciudad de 1928 y, por otra parte, su repercusión en la vidasocial de la clase menesterosa. Método: se llevó a cabo una investigación histórica basada en la revisiónbibliográfica. Fuentes documentales: catálogos documentales de bibliotecas y archivos documentales,bases de datos electrónicas, catálogos de revistas especializadas en historia y otras fuentes de red.Descriptores utilizados: matrona, practicante, médico, farmacéutico, padrón de pobres. Resultados: en elanálisis se incluyeron documentos procedentes de estudios basados en fuentes primarias y los resultadosse presentan en 4 apartados: El Reglamento municipal de 1928, Farmacéuticos y medicamentos paraenfermos pobres, Médicos y practicantes y Matronas, comadronas y profesoras de partos. Conclusión: elReglamento se aplica mucho antes de su publicación y la asistencia sanitaria es ejercida de maneraconstante por todos los profesionales que la integran; el número de practicantes se equipara al de médicosen este período; el Ayuntamiento se hace cargo del pago de medicamentos para enfermos pobres a losfarmacéuticos y se reparte por trimestres; respecto a los médicos, y desde 1924, se van creando plazassuficientes para la demanda del padrón de pobres, que irá en aumento, así como posibles suplentes; seincluye la creación del gabinete odontológico para pobres en el Santo Hospital en 1930; en 1928 y 1929hay 4 matronas para los cuatro distritos de la ciudad, siguiendo la legislación; en 1930 las matronasmunicipales reciben un aumento. (AU)

A política de saúde de Primo de Rivera elaborou um órgão legal regulador para proteger asclasses carentes que atendiam às suas necessidades; O aumento da atividade de saúde levou à criação deum grande número de instituições assistenciais, bem como de profissionais de saúde envolvidos no seudesenvolvimento. Objetivos: a pesquisa visa analisar a aplicação prática do Regulamento Municipal deSaúde e Previdência da cidade de 1928 e, por outro lado, seu impacto na vida social da classe menosfavorecida. Método: foi realizada uma pesquisa histórica com base na revisão de literatura. Fontesdocumentais: catálogos documentais de bibliotecas e arquivos documentais, bases de dados eletrônicas,catálogos de revistas especializadas em história e outras fontes online. Descritores utilizados: parteira,praticante, médico, farmacêutico, censo dos pobres. Resultados: foram incluídos na análise documentosde estudos baseados em fontes primárias e os resultados são apresentados em 4 seções: O RegulamentoMunicipal de 1928, Farmacêuticos e medicamentos para doentes pobres, Médicos e praticantes eParteiras, parteiras e professoras de parto.Conclusão: o Regulamento é aplicado muito antes de suapublicação e a assistência à saúde é exercida constantemente por todos os profissionais que o compõem; onúmero de praticantes é igual ao de médicos nesse período; a Câmara Municipal é responsável pelopagamento dos medicamentos dos doentes pobres aos farmacêuticos e é distribuído por trimestres; Noque diz respeito aos médicos, e desde 1924, foram criadas vagas suficientes para a procura dos pobres,que irá aumentar, bem como eventuais substitutos; inclui-se a criação da clínica odontológica para pobresno Hospital Santo em 1930; em 1928 e 1929 há 4 matronas para os quatro bairros da cidade, seguindo alegislação; Em 1930, as parteiras municipais receberam um aumento salarial anual de 720 para 900pesetas da câmara municipal. (AU)

La farmacéutica Milagro Almenara Pérez, del olvido a su reconocimiento / The pharmacist Milagro Almenara Pérez, from oblivion to her recognition

Introducción: Milagro Almenara Pérez se licenció en la Facultad de Farmacia de la Universidad de Granada en 1921. Sin embargo, tras la Guerra Civil, parece que ella nunca existió, y no solo su persona, sino también su expediente universitario e incluso la farmacia de Granada en la que trabajó. En este artículo se muestra una breve biografía suya, con el doble objetivo de ponerla como referente ante la sociedad y también de ilustrar las muchas similitudes existentes entre su vida y la del conocido poeta granadino Federico García Lorca. Método: Búsqueda de información sobre Milagro Almenara Pérez en fuentes archivísticas, bibliográficas, digitales e incluso periodísticas, que ha permitido completar con datos nuevos y recientes algunos aspectos biográficos que no se encuentran en los no muy abundantes trabajos de investigación ya publicados sobre ella. Resultados: Como resultado del estudio realizado se han añadido datos originales recientes a la biografía de Milagro Almenara Pérez y se justifica la hipótesis de la existencia de una determinada similitud entre su vida y la del poeta andaluz Federico García Lorca. Conclusiones: Durante la Guerra Civil Española se destruyeron, por parte de ambos bandos, muchos documentos, tanto personales como institucionales, que atañían a aquellas personas a las que cada bando consideraba desafectas. Entre ellas, la farmacéutica Milagro Almenara, cuya vida presenta muchas coincidencias con la del poeta Federico García Lorca. (AU)

Introduction: Milagro Almenara Pérez graduated from the Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Granada in 1921. However, after the Civil War, it seems that she never existed, and not only her person, but also her university record and even the Granada pharmacy where she worked. This article shows a biography of her, with the double objective of showing her as a reference to society and also to illustrate the strong parallelism between her life and that of the well-known Granada poet, Federico García Lorca. Method: A search for information on Milagro Almenara Pérez has been carried out in archival, bibliographic, digital and even journalistic sources that has made possible to complete with new and recent data some biographical aspects that are not found in the few research works already published on her. Results: As a result of the study, original data have been added to the biography of Milagro Almenara Pérez and the hypothesis of the existence of a certain similarity between her life and that of the famous Andalusian poet Federico García Lorca is justified. Conclusions: In the Spanish Civil War many documents, both personal and institutional, were destroyed by both sides, which concerned those people whom each side considered disaffected. Among them, the pharmacist Milagro Almenara, whose life had many coincidences with that of the poet Federico García Lorca. (AU)

Kevin Fearon 2020-2021 ASCP PRESIDENT.

With more than 3 decades of experience in the institutional pharmacy field, Kevin Fearon steps into the role of the ASCP President with a keen desire to help pharmacy and business leaders collaborate toward a common goal of helping care for older people.

The founding and activities of the Pharmacy Division of the Vilnius Medical Society.

The Pharmacy Division of the Vilnius Medical Society was founded in 1819. It was the first and only pharmacy organization in Lithuania until the beginning of the 20th century. At the time of its founding, there were only three other pharmacy organizations in the Russian Empire: the Riga Chemical-Pharmaceutical Society (1803), the Mitau (now Jelgava) Pharmacy Society (1808) and the St. Petersburg Pharmacy Society (1818). The Division did much to improve the practice of pharmacy, enhance pharmaceutical knowledge and education, support and encourage pharmaceutical research, as well as provide a forum for discussion of all matters of interest and concern to the pharmacy profession. Through its publications, rich library and study collections, pharmacists in Vilnius and the Vilnius governorate stayed abreast of all the major developments and discoveries in the medical and pharmaceutical sciences. After the closing of Vilnius University in 1832 and of the Vilnius Medical-Surgical Academy in 1842, the Vilnius Medical Society, and hence its Pharmacy Division, lost its academic base. Pharmaceutical chemistry suffered especially. Pharmacists turned their attention to their practices and business interests. Their interest in the Society waned and their membership dwindled. In the beginning of the 20th century, especially after Lithuania regained its independence in 1918, other organizational opportunities opened up to them.

"Physician's prescriptions accurately prepared" - The Mid-Nineteenth-Century Prescription Books of Four Gloucester Chemists.

Britain's mid-nineteenth-century healthcare economy has often been described as a "medical marketplace" in which struggling doctors faced intense competition from a range of unqualified rivals. Chemists and druggists, who proliferated in industrial cities and supposedly prospered by exploiting the poor and the gullible, are widely regarded as having presented a serious threat to medical livelihoods. However, the activities of four Gloucester chemists show how the dispensing of medical prescriptions brought individual chemists and doctors closer together. Competition between chemists and druggists for this trade was intense and it was instrumental in establishing them as trusted community pharmacists and giving impetus to the process of professionalization. Prescription books, an under-represented source in the literature, also show that customers for prescription medicines were surprisingly socially diverse and that most prescriptions were collected by women, with significant variation in dispensing activity through the week. This, and the volume of prescriptions being dispensed, suggest prescription medicines were regularly being used to treat chronic and less serious ailments, where collection could await normal shopping days. Significantly, prescriptions were the property of the patients and could be re-presented whenever they thought fit. For some patients, it thus effectively became an instrument of self-medication.

Profissão farmacêutica em São Paulo: prática científica, ensino e gênero, 1895-1917 / Pharmaceutical profession in São Paulo: scientific practice, teaching and gender, 1895-1917

Expõe caminhos, alianças e disputas por meio dos quais farmacêuticos paulistas buscaram criar espaços de fala, atuação e ensino separados da medicinam, a partir de 1895

[The "homeopathic specific:" commercial legitimization of homeopathy in Barcelona (1902-1910)]. / El "específico homeopático": legitimación comercial de la homeopatía en Barcelona (1902-1910).

The change in position of homeopathic remedies in the health market produced by the emerging pharmacological paradigm was key to the popularization of homeopathy in Spain. The introduction of specifics and their marketing strategies led to a rise in popular legitimization of homeopathy, and the battles between different professionals created fertile ground for explaining and promoting this doctrine. This article analyzes a contextualized case in Barcelona in the early twentieth century, and explores from different perspectives the new role of pharmacists and medications in spreading homeopathy, centering on strategies for popularizing homeopathic remedies in Spain.

El cambio en la posición que ocupaban los remedios homeopáticos en el mercado de la salud, derivado del emergente paradigma farmacológico, fue clave en la popularización de la homeopatía en España. La introducción de los específicos y sus técnicas de publicidad originó un aumento en la legitimación popular de la homeopatía y encontró en las pugnas entre diferentes profesionales un terreno abonado para la divulgación y la promoción de esta doctrina. El artículo analiza un caso de estudio contextualizado en Barcelona a principios del siglo XX, aproximándose desde diferentes perspectivas al nuevo rol del farmacéutico y el medicamento como divulgadores de la homeopatía y centrándose en las estrategias de la popularización de los remedios homeopáticos en España.

El " específico homeopático ": legitimación comercial de la homeopatía en Barcelona (1902-1910) / The " homeopathic specific: " commercial legitimization of homeopathy in Barcelona (1902-1910)

Resumen El cambio en la posición que ocupaban los remedios homeopáticos en el mercado de la salud, derivado del emergente paradigma farmacológico, fue clave en la popularización de la homeopatía en España. La introducción de los específicos y sus técnicas de publicidad originó un aumento en la legitimación popular de la homeopatía y encontró en las pugnas entre diferentes profesionales un terreno abonado para la divulgación y la promoción de esta doctrina. El artículo analiza un caso de estudio contextualizado en Barcelona a principios del siglo XX, aproximándose desde diferentes perspectivas al nuevo rol del farmacéutico y el medicamento como divulgadores de la homeopatía y centrándose en las estrategias de la popularización de los remedios homeopáticos en España.

Abstract The change in position of homeopathic remedies in the health market produced by the emerging pharmacological paradigm was key to the popularization of homeopathy in Spain. The introduction of specifics and their marketing strategies led to a rise in popular legitimization of homeopathy, and the battles between different professionals created fertile ground for explaining and promoting this doctrine. This article analyzes a contextualized case in Barcelona in the early twentieth century, and explores from different perspectives the new role of pharmacists and medications in spreading homeopathy, centering on strategies for popularizing homeopathic remedies in Spain.

La primera mujer farmacéutica andaluza / The first Andalusian pharmaceutical woman

Objetivos: Con el objetivo de ponerla en valor ante la sociedad, presentamos la biografía de Gertrudis Martínez Otero. Gertrudis era natural de Sanlúcar de Barrameda (Cádiz) y tiene el honor de ser, aparte de una de las primeras alumnas de la Licenciatura de Farmacia en la Universidad de Granada, la primera mujer licenciada en Farmacia por dicha universidad, lo que la permitió convertirse en la primera boticaria andaluza y la tercera de España, además de ser la primera mujer de la provincia gaditana en ir a la universidad. Material y métodos: La metodología ha girado en torno a fuentes orales a través de conversaciones particulares, tanto con vecinos actuales del pueblo de Sanlúcar de Barrameda que mantienen una cierta relación de vecindad con familiares y descendientes de ella como con una de sus biógrafas, que nos ha facilitado nuevos datos de Gertrudis procedente de sus últimas investigaciones. Hemos completado con nuestra propia investigación algunos aspectos biográficos que no se encuentran ni en las referencias archivísticas ya conocidas del expediente personal de Gertrudis Martínez Otero en la Universidad de Granada ni en otras biografías suyas ya publicadas. Resultados: Como resultado del estudio se completan con datos originales las escasas biografías existentes de Gertrudis Martínez Otero, que permiten realzar su figura y destacar la importancia que tiene por haber sido la primera mujer que ejerció como farmacéutica en la comunidad autónoma de Andalucía

Objectives: With the aim of doing her figure most well-known for the society, the biography of Gertrudis Martínez Otero is presented. She was a native of Sanlúcar de Barrameda (Cádiz), who has the honor of being, apart from one of the first female students at the University of Granada, the first woman licensed in Pharmacy by that university, which allowed her to become the first Andalusian apothecary and the third in Spain, besides being the first woman in the province of Cadiz to go to the university. Material and methods: The methodology followed has consisted in complementing with our own research some biographical aspects that are not found in the already known archival references of the personal expedient of Gertrudis Martínez Otero in the University of Granada or in other biographies of hers already published. The sources managed have been mainly private conversations with both current neighbors of the town of Sanlúcar de Barrameda that maintain a certain neighborhood relationship with relatives and descendants of her and with one of her biographers, who has provided us with new data from Gertrudis from further research. Results: As a result of the study, the existing biographies of Gertrudis Martínez Otero are completed with original data, which allows to establish a before and an after of the History and Pharmacy in Andalusia, due to that Gertrudis was the first woman who worked as a pharmacist in that autonomous community, after the end of her studies at the University of Granada

Algunas contribuciones de médicos y farmacéuticos al análisis volumétrico con detalles adicionales de su vida y obras / Some contributions from physicians and apothecaries to trimetric analysis with additional details of your life and Works

En este trabajo se pasa revista a la vida y obra de autores farmacéuticos y médicos no contemplados en contribuciones previas recientemente publicadas en estos Anales, detallando de manera especial sus aportaciones al análisis volumétrico. Las determinaciones de la materia orgánica en aguas debida al danés Forchhammer, de la dureza del agua llevada a cabo por el escocés Clark y los franceses Boutron y Boudet, de hierro con dicromato realizada por el ingles afincado en Escocia Frederick Penny, y la argentométrica de cianuro modificada por el francés Denigés, se encuentran entre las aportaciones más destacadas. El trabajo cubre el periodo que abarca desde el siglo XVII, e.g. Newman hasta la primera década del siglo XX, e.g. Szily. La química analítica durante ese período, como indica Labrude, ha constituido siempre una de las preocupaciones y de las actividades importantes de los farmacéuticos

In this paper we review the life and work of pharmaceutical and medical authors not included in previous contributions recently published in these Annals, detailing in a special way their contributions to the trimetric analysis. The determinations of the organic matter in waters due to the Danish Forchhammer, of the hardness of the water carried out by the Scottish Clark and the French Boutron and Boudet, of iron with dichromate made by the Englishman living in Scotland Frederick Penny, and the argentometrics of cyanide modified by the French Denigés, are among the most outstanding contributions. The paper covers the period from the seventeenth century, e.g. Newman to the first decade of the twentieth century, e.g. Szily. Analytical chemistry during this period, as indicated by Labrude, has always been one of the concerns and important activities of pharmacists

La Farmacia en la Sección de Químicas de la Real Academia de Ciencias de Francia (1666-1793) / The Pharmacy in the Chemistry Section of the French Royal Academy of Sciences (1666-1793)

Se consideran algunos aspectos de la relación entre química y farmacia en la Real Academia de Ciencias de Francia (1666-1793). Los farmacéuticos han sido elementos activos en la creación, funcionamiento y gestión de importantes sociedades científicas. La contribución a la química de los boticarios y médicos químicamente formados es notoria y merece ser resaltada. Los farmacéuticos, impartiendo enseñanza tanto en cursos públicos como privados ayudan a contextualizar y difundir el conocimiento químico. Se realiza un breve estudio monográfico de los farmacéuticos más representativos de esta época: Lemery, Geoffroy el Viejo, Rouelle y Baumé

Some aspects of the connexion between chemistry and pharmacy are considered under the framework of the Royal Academy of Sciences of France (1666-1793). Pharmacists have been active elements in the constitution, operation and management of important scientific societies. The contribution of apothecary and chemically formed doctors to chemistry is notorious and deserves to be highlighted. Pharmacists in teaching public and private courses, help to contextualize and spread the chemical knowledge. A brief monographic study of the most representative pharmacists of this period is carried out, e.g. Lemery, Geoffroy the elder, Rouelle the elder and Baumé

Pharmacists among Members of the Czech-Moravian Capuchin Province.

Based on a profound examination and evaluation of archival materials, the paper reconstructs the lives of eighteen pharmacists - members of the Czech-Moravian Capuchin Province from the 17th to the 19th century, of which sixteen served as monastic pharmacists. In addition to the identified biographical data (based on archival materials), the Latin summary reports on the life of a particular capuchin on the occasion of his death (the so-called elogia) from the Capuchin Provincial Chronicle (Annales capucinorum) are edited, together with their commented Czech translation. The discovered data allow a deeper insight into the pharmaceutical history of the Czech-Moravian Capuchin Province, where three monastic pharmacies were operated in Brno, Prague in Hradčany and Olomouc, and also a monastic pharmaceutical study was established. The published material also provides some new data on contemporary pharmaceutical practice, which are set in the context of literature. The paper illustrates the transfer of knowledge between the world of secular and monastic pharmacy at the places where future monastic pharmacists received their education (the pharmacies “The White Eagle” in Karlovy Vary, the pharmacy of brothers hospitallers in Prostějov, “The Golden Eagle” in Opava, “The White Unicorn” in the Old Town of Prague). The paper also highlights the intensive involvement of monastic pharmacists in the management of plague epidemics in the years 1680-1713 (often at the cost of their own lives), as well as the above-standard proximity to the patients in monastic hospitals in carrying out routine nursing and pharmacy practice. The paper adds sharper contours to the image of the pharmacist at that time by detailing the life stories of individual pharmacists (e.g., the previous career as a military surgeon and the iconographic circumstances of death, or the career extension in the form of participation in the order meetings in Rome). Analysis of the preserved manuscript Annotationes medicae Fr. Absolonis from the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries not only introduces an interesting pharmaceutical memorabilia, but also illustrates the professional maturation of the last Capuchin pharmacist. In the final part of the paper, the data about twenty-two pharmacists who unsuccessfully tried to join the Capuchin Order are given. It not only demonstrates admission practice in the Capuchin order, in which spiritual interest outweighed the practical, but also bears witness to other pharmaceutical phenomena of the time, such as the fate of the pharmacist from the abolished Jesuit Order or the development of pharmacy in the Carthusian monastery in Valdice.

Los boticarios de Cataluña entre los siglos XIII-XVIII. Una visión socioeconómica y de salud pública / The Apothecaries of Catalonia between the XIII-XVIII centuries. A socio-economic and public health vision

Introducción: Este estudio intenta dar una visión global del quehacer profesional y de la relevancia económica, política, social y de salud pública de los boticarios de Cataluña, desde su constitución, en el siglo XIII, hasta su extinción, a finales del siglo XVIII. Previamente es necesario hacer referencia al contexto histórico, al desarrollo de la salud pública durante el periodo de estudio y al origen de la profesión de boticario. Objetivo: Exponer la evolución de los boticarios en Cataluña durante el periodo de estudio. Métodos: Revisión bibliográfica, sobre la evolución de los boticarios en Cataluña, así como sobre el desarrollo de la salud pública y el contexto histórico durante el periodo de estudio. Resultados: El desarrollo de la profesión de boticario en Cataluña se puede dividir en tres etapas bien diferenciadas: el nacimiento de la profesión (siglos XIII-XV), la consolidación de la profesión (siglos XVI- XVII) y la decadencia de la profesión (siglo XVIII)

Introduction: This study tries to give a global vision of the professional task and of the economic, political, social and public health relevance of the Apothecaries of Catalonia, from its constitution, in the XIII century, until its extinction, at the end of the XVIII century. Previously it is necessary to refer to the historical context, the development of public health during the period of study and the origin of the apothecary profession. Objective: To present the evolution of apothecaries in Catalonia during the study period. Methods: Bibliographic review on the evolution of apothecaries in Catalonia, as well as on the development of public health and the historical context during the study period. Results: The development of the apothecary profession in Catalonia can be divided into three distinct stages: the birth of the profession (XIII-XV centuries), the consolidation of the profession (XVI-XVII centuries) and the decline of the profession (XVIII century)

Theophilus Redwood, héroe de la farmacia británica, primer Presidente de "The Society of Public Analysts". Parte I / Theophilus Redwood, hero of the British pharmacy, first President of "The Society of Public Analysts". Part I

En este trabajo se incide en el tema de la adulteración de los alimentos en Gran Bretaña durante el siglo XVIII en la etapa previa a la creación de la "Society of Public Analysts". En la lucha contra el fraude alimentario y los aspectos que ello conlleva (analíticos, legales, educativos) radica el origen de esta asociación, que sigue a la "Chemical Society" en antigüedad en lo que respecta a las de ámbito científico. Theophilus Redwood, farmacéutico, uno de los héroes de la farmacia británica, fue su primer presidente. Con el tiempo "The Society of Public Analysts" pasa a ser "The Analytical Division of the Royal Society of Chemistry, que otorga el "Theophillus Redwood Award" a los analistas que se destacan además de por sus trabajos científicos por su capacidad de comunicación. Se comentan detalles de la vida de Redwood, de su vinculación con la "Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain", la "British Pharmacopeia", y la Farmacia Práctica. Redwood fue Presidente del 5º Congreso Internacional de Farmacia celebrado en Londres, una de las etapas previas a la creación de la Federación Internacional Farmacéutica (FIP)

The topic of adulteration in Great Britain during the 18th century before the formation of the Society of Public Analyst is dealt with in this paper. It is in the fight against the food fraud and relating subjects, e.g. analytical, legal and educational, where the origin of this society is found. This association of scientific area follows the "Chemical Society" in antiquity. Theophilus Redwood, pharmacist, one of the heroes of the British pharmacy was his first president. With the time "The Society of Public Analysts" became the Analytical Division of the Royal Society of Chemistry, who grants the Theophillus Redwood Award to praise analysts who are characterized by this communication ability in addition to this scientific work. Details of the life and work of Redwood are commented, as well as of his entail by the "Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain", the "British Pharmacopeia", and the Practical Pharmacy. Redwood was President of 5º International Congress of Pharmacy celebrated in London, one of the stages in the creation of the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP)